Imperfectly shuffled decks in bridge
Edvin Bredrup, Li‐Chun Zhang · Journal of Applied Statistics · 1998
Summary In this paper, we study the distribution tables of imperfectly shuffled hands in a bridge game under a conditional Markov chain model, based on which a simple approximate test on the randomness of the decks is derived. The idea is to examine whether a stochastic process is a compound hypergeometric process, through the number of its ties, and it is easily adapted to similar situations.