A comparison of programming languages for software engineering
Mary M. Conlin Shaw, Guy T. Almes, Joseph M. Newcomer, Brian K. Reid, Wm. A. Wulf · Software Practice and Experience · 1981
Abstract Four programming languages (Fortran, Cobol, Jovial and the proposed DoD standard) are compared in the light of modern ideas of good software engineering practice. The comparison begins by identifying a core for each language that captures the essential properties of the language and the intent of the language designers. These core languages then serve as a basis for the discussion of the language philosophies and the impact of the language on gross program organization and on the use of individual statements.