Geometry of entangled states, Bloch spheres and Hopf fibrations
Rémy Mosseri, Rossen Dandoloff · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and General · 2001
We discuss a generalization of the standard Bloch sphere representation for a single qubit to two qubits, in the framework of Hopf fibrations of high-dimensional spheres by lower dimensional spheres. The single-qubit Hilbert space is the three-dimensional sphere S 3 . The S 2 base space of a suitably oriented S 3 Hopf fibration is nothing but the Bloch sphere, while the circular fibres represent the overall qubit phase degree of freedom. For the two-qubits case, the Hilbert space is a seven-dimensional sphere S 7 , which also allows for a Hopf fibration, with S 3 fibres and a S 4 base. The most striking result is that suitably oriented S 7 Hopf fibrations are entanglement sensitive. The relation with the standard Schmidt decomposition is also discussed.