A fast response technique for measuring and recording the load angle of synchronous machines
H.G. Jänsch, I R Smith · Journal of Physics E Scientific Instruments · 1971
A circuit is described which enables the load angle of a synchronous machine to be measured, recorded and displayed with a much shorter time delay than comparable methods previously discussed. The use of solid-state circuitry and integrated-circuit operational amplifiers provides a very compact unit, and the versatility arising from the adoption of switching-circuit techniques enables the basic circuit to be readily applied to phase angle or power factor angle measurements in an ac system.