Sensitivities of six R-C active circuits
A.G.J. Holt, A.S. Reid, J.N. Torry · Radio and Electronic Engineer · 1969
The R-C active filters investigated use operational amplifiers as the active element and are capable of realizing second-order network functions with no finite transmission zeros. One of the networks uses positive feedback; another uses negative feedback (from an amplifier of nominally infinite gain); two use both positive and negative feedback (from a paraphase amplifier of nominally infinite gain); the fifth uses a combination of three amplifiers all of nominally infinite gain; the sixth uses a four-amplifier realization of a gyrator, again all of nominally infinite gain.Expressions are given for the sensitivity of the (Q-factor and frequency of location of the ‘peak’ to variations in the ratios of the passive elements and to gain. Also the effects on the Q-factor of finite gain and phase shift in the amplifier are observed.The operational amplifiers are assumed to be of infinite input impedance and zero output impedance and to have a gain which is approximated to a first-order lag.