Neural networks in articulatory speech analysis/synthesis
Mazin G. Rahim, Willem Bastiaan Kleijn, Juergen Schroeter · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · 1991
A major difficulty in articulatory analysis/synthesis is the estimation of vocal-tract parameters from input speech. The use of neural networks to extract these parameters is more attractive than codebook look-up due to the lower computational complexity. For example, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with two hidden layers, trained and evaluated on a small data set was shown to perform a reasonable mapping of acousticto-geometric parameters. Increasing the training data, however, revealed ambiguity in the mapping that could not be resolved by a single network. This paper addresses the problem using an assembly of MLP's, each designated to a specific region in the articulatory space. Training data were generated by randomly sampling the parameters of an articulatory model of the vocal system. The resultant vocal-tract shapes were clustered into 128 regions, and an MLP with one hidden layer was assigned to each of these regions for mapping 18 cepstral coefficients into ten tract areas, and a nasalization parameter. Networks were selected by dynamic programming, and were used to control a time-domain articulatory synthesizer. After training, significant perceptual and objective improvements were achieved relative to using a single MLP. Comparable performance to codebook look-up with dynamic programming was obtained. This model, however, requires only 4% of the storage needed for the codebook, and performs the mapping faster by a factor of 20.