Identities in Categories
Horst Herrlich, Claus Michael Ringel · Canadian Mathematical Bulletin · 1972
In [4] Hatcher introduced the notion of an identity in an arbitrary category and proved a characterization of quasivarietal subcategories which is similar to Birkhoff's characterization of varietal subcategories in universal algebra. The aim of this note is to show that the theorem of Hatcher as well as the categorical generalization of Birkhoff's theorem are special cases of a "relative" theorem, formulated with respect to a projective structure.