Goal detection in football by using support vector machines for classification
Nicola Ancona, Grazia Cicirelli, Antonella Branca, A. Distante · 2002
We present a technique for detecting goals during a football match by using images acquired by a single camera placed externally to the field. The method does not require the modification neither of the ball nor of the goalmouth. Due to the attitude of the camera with respect to the football ground, the system can be thought of as an electronic linesman which helps the referee in establishing the occurrence of a goal during a football match. The occurrence of the event is established by detecting the ball and comparing its position with respect to the location of the goalpost in the image. The ball detection technique relies on a supervised learning scheme called support vector machines for classification. The examples used for training are appropriately filtered version of views of the object to be detected, previously stored in the form of image patterns. We have extensively tested the technique on real images in which the ball is both fully visible and partially occluded. The performance of the proposed detection scheme are measured in terms of detection rate, false positive rate and precision in the ball localisation in image.