Practical digital libraries books, bytes, and bucks
Michael Lesk · 1997
Practical Digital Libraries Contents Practical Digital Libraries: Books, Bytes, and Bucks by Michael Lesk Preface 1 Evolution of Libraries 1.1 Why Digital Libraries? 1.2 History and Change 1.3 Advantages of Digital Libraries 1.4 Rise of Printing and Libraries 1.5 Vannevar Bush 1.6 Computer Technology 1.6.1 Processors 1.6.2 Memory Technology 1.6.3 Software 1.7 Information and Software 1.8 Summary 2 Text Access Methods 2.1 Computer Typesetting and Online Databases 2.2 Text Formats 2.3 Linear Text Searching 2.4 Inverted Files 2.5 Hash Coding 2.6 Other Text Search Issues 2.7 Thesauri 2.8 Document Conversion 2.9 Summary 3 Images of Pages 3.1 Scanning and Fax Machines 3.2 Image Formats for Scanned Printed Pages 3.3 Display Requirements 3.4 PostScript, Acrobat, and Reprinting 3.5 Indexing Images of Pages 3.6 Shared Text/Image Systems 3.7 Image Storage vs. Book Storage 3.8 Summary 4 Multimedia Storage and Access 4.1 Sound Formats: Vinyl, Tape, and CD 4.2 Pictures: GIF and JPEG 4.3 Automatic Speech Recognition 4.4 Moving Images: MPEG and Motion JPEG 4.5 Indexing Images: Motion Segmentation 4.6 Summary 5 Knowledge Representation Methods 5.1 Library Classification 5.2 Indexing Words and Thesauri 5.3 Artificial Intelligence Structures 5.4 Hypertext 5.5 Vector Models 5.6 History-Based Information Resources 5.7 New Information Techniques 5.8 Summary 6 Distribution 6.1 Physical Objects: Books and CD-ROMs 6.2 Computer Network Technologies 6.2.1 Packets vs. Circuits 6.2.2 Stars vs. Buses 6.2.3 Ethernet 6.2.4 Arpanet and Addressing 6.3 Security on the Net 6.4 Cryptography 6.5 Summary 7 Usability and Retrieval Evaluation 7.1 General Human Factors Considerations 7.2 Text Displays: Fonts and Highlighting 7.3 Image Displays and Compression Systems 7.3.1 Text 7.3.2 Speech 7.3.3 Images 7.4 Interface Methods: Menus and Keywords 7.5 Access Methods 7.6 Retrieval Evaluation 7.7 Summary 8 Collections and Preservation 8.1 Traditional Paper Collections 8.2 Traditional Preservation Problems: Acid Paper and Perfect Binding 8.3 Digitizing Special Collections and Archives 8.4 Sharing of Collections among Libraries 8.5 New Kinds of Material and Their Durability 8.6 Summary and Responsibilities to the Future 9 Economics 9.1 Traditional Economics and Economies of Scale 9.2 Scholarly Publications Today 9.3 Models for Library Funding 9.4 Paying for Electronic Information 9.5 Access versus Ownership 9.6 Importance of Administrative Costs 9.7 Electronic Commerce 9.8 The Future of Quality Information 9.9 Summary 10 Intellectual Property Rights 10.1 History of Copyright Law 10.2 History of Patent Law 10.3 Other Legal Risks 10.4 National Information Infrastructure Dangers 10.5 Intellectual Property Protection 10.5.1 Fractional Access 10.5.2 Control of Interface 10.5.3 Hardware Locks (Dongles) 10.5.4 Repositories 10.5.5 Steganography 10.5.6 Cryptolopes, or Secret Envelopes 10.5.7 Special Hardware 10.5.8 Economic Approaches 10.5.9 Flickering 10.6 Summary: Future Research and Law 11 International Activities 11.1 Information Policy, Not Industrial Policy 11.2 United States 11.2.1 University of California at Berkeley 11.2.2 University of Michigan 11.2.3 University of Illinois 11.2.4 Stanford University 11.2.5 University of California at Santa Barbara 11.2.6 Carnegie Mellon University 11.2.7 Other U.S. Projects 11.3 United Kingdom 11.4 France 11.5 Other EU Efforts 11.6 Japan 11.7 Australia 11.8 Elsewhere 11.9 International Cooperation 11.10 Summary 12 Future: Ubiquity, Diversity, Creativity, and Public Policy 12.1 Dream to Be Realized 12.2 Future Roles in Information Handling 12.3 Effect of Digital Technology on Universities 12.4 Society and Creativity 12.5 Public Policy Questions 12.6 Projections References Index