Grounding is not Shared Understanding: Distinguishing Grounding at an Utterance and Knowledge Level
Mauro Cherubini, Jakko van der Pol, Pierre Dillenbourg, Curriculum en ICT, Universiteit Utrecht, C. Ghidini, B. Doan, P. Brézillon · 2005
Abstract. This paper argues that for the study and facilitation of collaborative learning, existing theories of grounding such as that of Clark and Shaefer [5] cannot be applied without adjustments. When comparing collaborative learning and conversation, four dimensions can be identified where grounding at a knowledge level differs from the grounding at an utterance level. Firstly, the indirect access and the existence of a range of manifest meanings, poses the need for a notion of ‘groundedness’. Secondly, we propose providing evidence in ‘co-referenced actions ’ to be an important process as well as an additional marker to assess grounding. Thirdly, instead of simply repairing misunderstandings after they arise, ‘perspective taking ’ becomes a more prominent mechanism. Fourthly, effort into grounding is turned from needing to be minimised, into needing to be ‘optimised’. 1