An Introduction to Syntactic Analysis and Theory
Hilda J Koopman, Dominique Sportiche, Edward P. Stabler · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · 2013
Open class categories: (new words can be freely created in these categories) Noun (N) table, computer, event, joy, action Verb (V) run, arrive, laugh, know, love, think, say, spray Adjective (A) big, yellow, stable, intelligent, legal, fake Adverb (Adv) badly, curiously, possibly, often Closed categories:Preposition (P) on, of, by, through, into, from, for, to Determiner (D) the, a, this, some, every Numerals (Num) one, two, three, ten, thirteen Complementizers (C) that, if, whether, for Auxiliaries (V) have, be Modals (v or M) will, would, can, could, may, might, shall, should Coordinators (Coord) and, or, but Negation/Affirmation (Neg/Aff) no ,too de-nation -al -ize -ation * nation de--al -ize -ation * nation -al de--ize -ation * nation -al -ize de--ation * nation -al -ize -ation de-* de--al nation -ize -ation * -al de-nation -ize -ation * -al nation de--ize -ation * -al nation -ize de--ation * -al nation -ize -ation de-* de--al -ize nation -ation * -al de--ize nation -ation * -al -ize de-nation -ation * -al -ize nation de--ation * -al -ize nation -ation de-* de--al -ize -ation nation * -al de--ize -ation nation * -al -ize de--ation nation * -al -ize -ation de-nation * -al -ize -ation nation de-* de-nation -ize -al -ation * nation de--ize -al -ation * nation -ize de--al -ation * nation -ize -al de--ation * nation -ize -al -ation de-* de--ize nation -al -ation * -ize de-nation -al -ation * -ize nation de--al -ation * -ize nation -al de--ation * -ize nation -al -ation de-* de--ize -al nation -ation * -ize de--al nation -ation * -ize -al de-nation -ation * -ize -al nation de--ation * -ize -al nation -ation de-* de--ize -al -ation nation * -ize de--al -ation nation * -ize -al de--ation nation * -ize -al -ation de-nation * -ize -al -ation nation de-* de-nation -ize -ation -al * nation de--ize -ation -al * nation -ize de--ation -al * nation -ize -ation de--al * nation -ize -ation -al de-* de--ize nation -ation -al * -ize de-nation -ation -al * -ize nation de--ation -al * -ize nation -ation de--al * -ize nation -ation -al de-* de--ize -ation nation -al * -ize de--ation nation -al * -ize -ation de-nation -al * -ize -ation nation de--al * -ize -ation nation -al de-* de--ize -ation -al nation * -ize de--ation -al nation * -ize -ation de--al nation * -ize -ation -al de-nation * -ize -ation -al nation de-* de-nation -al -ation -ize * nation de--al -ation -ize * nation -al de--ation -ize * nation -al -ation de--ize * nation -al -ation -ize de-* de--al nation -ation -ize * -al de-nation -ation -ize * -al nation de--ation -ize * -al nation -ation de--ize * -al nation -ation -ize de-* de--al -ation nation -ize * -al de--ation nation -ize * -al -ation de-nation -ize * -al -ation nation de--ize * -al -ation nation -ize de-* de--al -ation -ize nation * -al de--ation -ize nation * -al -ation de--ize nation * -al -ation -ize de-nation * -al -ation -ize nation de-* de-nation -ation -al -ize * nation de--ation -al -ize * nation -ation de--al -ize * nation -ation -al de--ize * nation -ation -al -ize de-* de--ation nation -al -ize * -ation de-nation -al -ize * -ation nation de--al -ize * -ation nation -al de--ize * -ation nation -al -ize de-* de--ation -al nation -ize * -ation de--al nation -ize * -ation -al de-nation -ize * -ation -al nation de--ize * -ation -al nation -ize de-* de--ation -al -ize nation * -ation de--al -ize nation * -ation -al de--ize nation * -ation -al -ize de-nation * -ation -al -ize nation de-* de-nation -ation -ize -al * nation de--ation -ize -al * nation -ation de--ize -al * nation -ation -ize de--al * nation -ation -ize -al de-* de--ation nation -ize -al * -ation de-nation -ize -al * -ation nation de--ize -al * -ation nation -ize de--al * -ation nation -ize -al de-* de--ation -ize nation -al * -ation de--ize nation -al * -ation -ize de-nation -al * -ation -ize nation de--al * -ation -ize nation -al de-* de--ation -ize -al nation * -ation de--ize -al nation * -ation -ize de--al nation * -ation -ize -al de-nation * -ation -ize -al nation de-Figure 1.1: 120 orderings, only 1 is intelligible How do we know nation-al is an A? if we have established that -ize generally suffixes to adjectives, one reason is that -ize can suffix to it.But there are of course other reasons: the other tests mentioned above converge on this conclusion.ok: class -ifi -cation -ist (singular,singular,singular) ok: class -ifi -cation -ist -s (singular,singular,plural) *: class -ifi -cation -s -ist (singular,plural,singular) *: class -ifi -cation -s -ist -s (singular,plural,plural) *: class -es -ifi -cation -ist (plural,singular,singular) *: class -es -ifi -cation -ist -s (plural,singular,plural) *: class -es -ifi -cation -s -ist (plural,plural,singular) *: class -es -ifi -cation -s -ist -s (plural,plural,plural)But the strongest reason we will give here is the following: If verbs such as father, wet, dry etc which are respectively related to the noun father, or the adjectives wet and dry are derived by affixation of a silent morpheme, it means that they are not roots: they are complex.This makes a prediction: no affixes that attach only to verb roots should be able to attach to these elements.This seems to be true: steer-age *wet-age *dry-age *father-age betray-al *wet-al *dry-al *father-al defi-ant *wet-ant *dry-ant *father-ant annoy-ance *wet-ance *dry-ance *father-ance forget-ful *wet-ful *dry-ful *father-ful restrict-ive *wet-ive *dry-ive *father-ive establish-ment *wet-ment *dry-ment *father-ment advis-ory *wet-ory *dry-ory *father-ory assembl-y *wett-y *dry-y *father-y * wett-en * wet-ize * wet-ate * dry-en * dry-ize * dry-ate * empty-en * empty-ize * empty-ate And furthermore, the words that take pronounced, "overt" causative affixes typically do not also allow the empty causative affix (though short occurs as a V with another meaning): * She shorts the dress * She normals the distribution * She domestics the animals