An approximation to offset circle probabilities.
George Edmund Wrockloff · Calhoun: The Naval Postgraduate School Institutional Archive (Naval Postgraduate School) · 1971
If a weapon system is fired at a circular target and the impact point is distributed as a bivariate normal random variable, it is not particularly difficult to determine hit probability if the expected impact point is at target center. If, for some reason, the expected impact point is offset, the problem of determining hit probabilities becomes quite complex Herein is developed a method to approximate such a hit probability.