Race to the Bottom: Malicious Hardware
Angelos D. Keromytis, Lakshminarasimhan Sethumadhavan, Kenneth L. Shepard · 2008
Increasingly, hardware design and fabrication has come to resemble that of software: hardware logic modules (resembling software libraries) are licensed from third parties and combined in designs of greater complexity, while the fabrication is outsourced to a low-cost manufacturer or otherwise off-shored.