Towards more human-like computer opponents
Michael C. Freed, Travis Bear, Herrick Goldman, Geoffrey Hyatt, Paul J. Reber, Joshua A. Tauber · 2000
Current-generation online games typically incorporate a “computer ” opponent to train new players to compete against human opponents. The quality of this training depends to a large degree on how similar the computer’s play is to that of an experienced human player. For instance, inhuman weaknesses in computer play encourage new players to develop tactics, prediction rules and playing styles that will be ineffective against people. Game designers often compensate for weaknesses in the computer’s play by providing it with superhuman capabilities such as omniscience. However, such abilities render otherwise important tactics ineffective and thus discourage players from developing useful skills. These differences are especially pronounced in “real-time strategy ” games such as Starcraft where tactics are often designed to take advantage of specific human limitations. An informal survey of experienced Starcraft players reveals numerous play-critical differences between human and computer performance. In this paper, we identify several of these differences, and then discuss a prototyping tool for constructing appropriately humanlike software agents. Play-relevant human characteristics In real-time strategy games, players carry out a variety of fast-paced, combat-related activities including: attacking opponents, producing and positioning combat units, gathering resources needed to produce units, defending production facilities and collecting information about opponent units and facilities (scouting). Individually and in combination, these tasks are demanding in ways that push the limits of human performance. For example, dexterity-imposed limitations on control of the interface (keyboard and mouse) increase the time taken to bring groups of units into action. Players can exploit dexterity limits using “raiding ” tactics: units make a brief, disruptive attack, and then depart before the opponent can command an effective response. In Starcraft, the computer can command a response without dexterityimposed delays, enabling it to repel raids reliably.