Hardening Email Security via Bayesian Additive Regression Trees
Saeed Abu‐Nimeh, Dario Nappa, Xinlei Wang, Suku Nair · BiblioBoard Library Catalog (Open Research Library) · 2009
The changeable structures and variability of email attacks render current email filtering solutions useless. Consequently, the need for new techniques to harden the protection of users' security and privacy becomes a necessity. The variety of email attacks, namely spam, damages networks' infrastructure and exposes users to new attack vectors daily. Spam is unsolicited email which targets users with different types of commercial messages or advertisements. Porn-related content that contains explicit material or commercials of exploited children is a major trend in these messages as well. The waste of network bandwidth due to the numerous number of spam messages sent and the requirement of complex hardware, software, network resources, and human power are other problems associated with these attacks. Recently, security researchers have noticed an increase in malicious content delivered by these messages, which arises security concerns due to their attack potential. More seriously, phishing attacks have been on the rise for the past couple of years. Phishing is the act of sending a forged e-mail to a recipient, falsely mimicking a legitimate establishment in an attempt to scam the recipient into divulging private information such as credit card numbers or bank account passwords (James, 2005). Recently phishing attacks have become a major concern to financial institutions and law enforcement due to the heavy monetary losses involved. According to a survey by Gartner group, in 2006 approximately 3.25 million victims were spoofed by phishing attacks and in 2007 the number increased by almost 1.3 million victims. Furthermore, in 2007, monetary losses, related to phishing attacks, were estimated by $3.2 billion. All the aforementioned concerns raise the need for new detection mechanisms to subvert email attacks in their various forms. Despite the abundance of applications available for phishing detection, unlike spam classification, there are only few studies that compare machine learning techniques in predicting phishing emails (Abu-Nimeh et al., 2007). We describe a new version of Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) and apply it to phishing detection. A phishing dataset is constructed from 1409 raw phishing emails and 5152 legitimate emails, where 71 features (variables) are used in classifiers' training and testing. The variables consist of both textual and structural features that are extracted from raw emails. The performance of six classifiers, on this dataset, is compared using the area under the curve (AUC) (Huang & Ling, 2005). The classifiers include Logistic Regression (LR), Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random O pe n A cc es s D at ab as e w w w .in te ch w eb .o rg