Can the concept “political opportunity structure” inform M4D research?
Cecilia Strand, Jakob Svensson · 2014
Mobile phone acquisition and usage in Sub-Saharan Africa has seen a tremendous growth over the past decade. In the wake of this expansion, the technology has often been ascribed the role of a potential transformer in diverse areas, such as governance and democratization, civil society mobilization, transparency and anti-corruption. A reoccurring theme in much of the literature, is a taken for granted causality between access to mobile technology and civil society participation and ultimately empowerment of the same connected citizens.Although social movement theory have long recognized the importance of the context as a key determining factor for the emergence of social movements, their impact and their longevity, few scholars have paid attention to the concepts of political opportunity structure in relation to M4D (Mobile Communication for Development). The following paper will explore how this concept can inform our understanding of when and where, i.e., under what socio-political conditions mobile technology seem to become a mobiliser and tool to claim space to participate in processes. The paper will attempt to conceptualize how perceived opportunity, and indeed constraints could be understood in relation to M4D. The paper departs from an assumption that mobile phones contains a transformative potential, but argues that whether it become enlisted as a tool by social actors is dependent on their understanding of the medium and parameters such as, but not limited to, the receptiveness of the formal system, the existence of allies within government or the formal system, the expected monetary and personal costs for social mobilization as well as likely outcomes of collective action. The research argues that existing institutions should not be treated as epiphenomenal, but rather seen as important structures warranting attention, in order to understand mobiles as a tool for participation.