Internetwork Mobility: The CDPD Approach
Mark S. Taylor, William Waung, Mohsen Banan · 1999
List of Figures. Preface. Acknowledgments. Preliminaries. Basic Data Communication Model. Variations on a Theme. The Communications Channel. Channel Characteristics. Communication Protocols. Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Protocols. The OSI Reference Model. Layer 1 - The Physical Layer-Layer 2 - The Data Link Layer-Layer 3 - The Network Layer-Layer 4 - The Transport Layer-Layer 5 - The Session Layer-Layer 6 - The Presentation Layer-Layer 7 - The Application Layer. Protocols, Primitives, Services. Protocol and Service Data Units. Mobile Data Communications Entities. Summary. 1. Introduction to Mobility. What is Mobility? Basic Approaches to Mobility. Approach 1: Application Awareness-Approach 2: Directory Lookup-Approach 3: Mailbox Service-Approach 4: Administrative Redirection. Aspects of Mobile Communications. Mobile Network Access-Mobility Management. The Essential Challenge of Mobility Management. Knowing Where the Mobile is-Routing Data to the Mobile. Mobility Management is a Network Layer Function. Network Layer Addresses-Network Topology Changes-Routing Table Updates. Mobility Management Schemes. Permanent Address Scheme (PAS)-Temporary Address Scheme (TAS)-Embedded Network Scheme (ENS). Steps in the Mobility Management Process. Registration-Usage-De-registration. A Simple Taxonomy of Mobility. Type 0 Mobility: Stationarity-Type 1 Mobility: Location Independence-Type 2 Mobility: Transience. Range of Mobility. Channel-Cell-Mobility Area-Administrative Domain. Mobility is not Wirelessness. Wireless Considerations. Challenges of Mobility. Geography vs. Network Topology-Part-time Destinations- Moving Targets-Application Transparency-Name-to-Address Mapping-Security-Scale. Summary. 2. Introduction to Cellular Systems. The Ubiquity of Cellular. Radio Channels. The Cellular Concept. Cell Handoff. Cellular Channel Quality. Power Control. Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS). AMPS Channels-Roaming-AMPS Cellular Operation-AMPS Mobile Call Origination-AMPS Mobile Call Termination-AMPS Radio Resource Management (RRM)-AMPS Mobility Management. Data Transmission via AMPS. Digital Cellular Technologies. Europe: GSM and DCS 1800. Japan: PDC. North American Digital Standards. TDMA (IS-54/136). CDMA (IS-95,99). PCS: Back to the Future? PCS Licensing-PCS Standards-PCS Challenges. Summary. 3. Overview of CDPD. CDPD Background. CDPD Prototypes-CDPD Lite -CDPD Forum-CDPD Service Providers. Relationship of CDPD to other Cellular Data Initiatives. CDPD Services and Characteristics. CDPD Network Services-CDPD Network Support Services-CDPD Network Application Services. CDPD Design Goals and Considerations. Location Independence-Application Transparency- Multiprotocol Support-Interoperability-Minimal Invention- Optimal Usage of RF-Evolutionary Design-Open-Secure- Simple-Transparent to the Existing Cellular Voice Network. The CDPD Architectural Approach. The Three Key CDPD Interfaces. The A-Interface-The E-Interface-The I-Interface. CDPD Network Elements. The Mobile End System (M-ES)-The Mobile Data Base Station (MDBS)-The Mobile Data Intermediate System (MD-IS)-The Intermediate System (IS)-The Fixed End System (F-ES). CDPD Mobility Management. CDPD Radio Resource Management. CDPD Security. CDPD Accounting. Summary. 4. Mobility Management in Wide-Area Networks. The CDPD Mobility Vision. The CDPD Mobility Approach. CDPD Mobility Management Scope. CDPD Mobility Management Functions. CDPD Routing Architecture. CDPD Protocol Architecture. CDPD Support Protocol Architecture. CDPD Mobility Management Operation. Mobile Identification to Network - End System Hello (ESH)- Mobile Redirection Request (RDR)-Confirmation of service -Redirect Confirm (RDC)-Confirmation to M-ES - Intermediate System Confirm (ISC). CDPD Mobile Data Routing. Home MD-IS-Serving MD-IS. Intra-Area Mobility. Inter-area Mobility. Other Administrative Operations. Redirect Flush-Redirect Query and End System Query. Support Data Structures. Home Domain Directory-Registration Directory-Location Directory. Multicast Group Management. CDPD Multicast Service Definition-Multicast Registration- Multicast Authentication-Multicast Data Redirection-Multicast Data Forwarding-Multicast Service Characteristics. Broadcast Addresses. Selection Rationale. CLNP-Triangle routing. Summary. 5. Accessing the Mobile Network. The A-Interface. The Airlink Physical Layer. Shared Channel Environment. Approach 1: Token Passing-Approach 2: Demand Assigned with Reservation-Approach 3: Slotted Aloha-Approach 4: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD). The Airlink MAC Sublayer. Reed-Solomon Blocks-Busy/Idle Indicator-Decode Status Flag. M-ES State Machine. Airlink MAC Parameters. Min_Idle_Time-Min_count and Max_count-Max_blocks Parameter. Half Duplex Mobiles. The Airlink Data Link Protocol. Selective Reject-Removal of CRC-Addition of ZAP-Sleep Mode. SNDCF: Protocol Convergence. Segmentation and Reassembly-Multiplexing-Header Compression-V.42bis Data Compression-Data Encryption. How Data Moves Through Layers. Radio Resource Management. Model of Operation. Channel Hopping. Circuit-Switched Cellular Digital Packet Data. Circuit Switch CDPD Control Protocol. Summary. 6. Mobile Data Network Security. Introduction. Security Policy. Security Threats. Security Services and Mechanisms. Encipherment and Data Confidentiality-Digital Signatures- Authentication-Traffic Flow Confidentiality-Data Integrity-Key Management-Access Control-Network Layer Security Considerations. CDPD Security. CDPD Security Design Goals and Tradeoffs-CDPD Authentication-CDPD Confidentiality-CDPD Privacy. CDPD Security Design Rationale. CDPD Security Objectives-One-Way vs. Two-Way Authentication-The TunnelA A*s Data Confidentiality and Authentication-Considerations for Use of PKCS-Consideration of Other Approaches-End-to-End Security Services. 7. Mobile Network Support Services. Support Services Overview. CDPD Support Services. Network Management. Overview of System Management Framework-Systems Management Functional Areas-Relationship of Management Specifications to Functional Areas-CDPD Network Management. Usage Accounting. CDPD Usage Accounting-The CDPD Accounting Model- Accounting Meter-Serving Accounting Distributor (SAD)-Home Accounting Distributor (HAD)-Home Accounting Collector (HAC)- Consolidation Accounting Collector (CAC). Message Handling Service. Overview of Message Handling Services-Message Structure- Message Transfer Agent (MTA)-User Agent (UA)-Message Store (MS). Directory Services. The Directory-The Directory Model-The CDPD Directory Service. Summary. 8. Mobile Applications. Categories of Mobile Applications. Push or Pull: Mobile Application Information Access-Vertical or Horizontal Nature of Mobile Applications. Vertical Applications. Field Service-Mobile Professional-Transportation- Point-of-Sale (POS)-Telemetry-Government. Horizontal Applications. Messaging and email-Limited Size Messaging. Applications-Enabling Protocols. Limited Size Remote Operation Service (LSROS)-Status Notification Service-Subscriber Area Location Service. 9. Non-Cellular Approaches to Mobile Data Networking. Background. Wireless LANs and Metropolitan Networks. Infrared Systems-Narrowband RF Systems-Spread Spectrum Systems-Metricom Ricochet. Paging Systems. One-Way Paging Systems-Two-Way Paging Systems. Private Wireless Packet Data Systems. Public Wireless Packet Data Services. Advanced Radio Data Integrated System (Ardis)-RAM Mobile Data (Mobitex)-RadioMail. Satellite-Based Systems. Summary. 10. Future Directions in Mobility. Mobility under IPv4. The Mobile IP Standards Process-Overview of Draft Version 16 of the IETF IP Mobility Support-Implementations Based on Mobile IP Drafts. Mobility under IPv6. The IPv6 Standards Process-Overview of Mobility Support in IPv6. Comparison of Mobile IP and CDPD. Objectives, Goals and Assumptions-Technical Architecture and Design-Model and Terminology-Operational Assumptions- Standardization Process-Potential. Bibliography. Glossary. Index.