Face Image Synthesis and Interpretation Using 3D Illumination-Based AAM Models
Salvador E., Leopoldo Altamirano-Robles, Janeth Cruz-Enriquez · InTech eBooks · 2011
One of the more exciting and unsolved problems in computer vision nowadays is automatic, fast and full interpretation of face images under variable conditions of lighting and pose. Interpretation is the inference of knowledge from an image. This knowledge covers relevant information, such as 3D shape and albedo, both related to the identity, but also information about physical factors which affect appearance of faces, such as pose and lighting. Interpretation of faces not only should be limited to retrieve the aforementioned pieces of information, but also, it should be capable of synthesizing novel facial images in which some of these pieces of information have been modified. This kind of interpretation can be achieved by using the paradigm known as analysis by synthesis, see Figure 1. Ideally, an approach based on analysis by synthesis, should consist of a generative facial parametric model that codes all the sources of appearance variation separately and independently, and an optimization algorithm which systematically varies the model parameters until the synthetic image produced by the model is as similar as possible to the test image, also called input image. A full interpretation approach should include the recovery of 3D shape, 3D pose, albedo and lighting from a single face image which exhibits any possible combination of these sources of variation. Active appearance models, or simply AAMs (Cootes et al. (2001); Edwards et al. (1998); Matthews & Baker (2004)), with respect to other approaches, represent a fast alternative to perform face interpretation using the analysis by synthesis paradigm. Texture and shape, are attributes modeled by AAMs by using statistic tools such as principal components analysis or shortly PCA. However, the apparent texture of a face is an implicit combination of lighting and albedo. The separation process of these two attributes is not an easy task within the context of sparse models, like AAMs. AAMs use a sparse set of vertices which outline the shape. Texture is interpolated over that shape. In fact, a detailed dense set of surface normals, which is not available in AAMs, is required to perform the separation of lighting and albedo. On the other hand, texture and shape variation among human faces is relatively small when uniform lighting is considered. AAMs take advantage of this fact by supposing a constant relationship between changes of appearance and the variation of the model parameters producing those changes. This approximately constant relationship is a constant gradient which is used for performing fast fitting to input images. However, for most purposes, lighting is not uniform, and a proper separation of albedo and lighting becomes necessary. In a similar way as is texture variation in uniform lighting, albedo variation among human 4