Evolution of a Low-Distortion, Low-Bias 60 Decibel Op Amp with Good Frequency Generalization using Genetic Programming
John R. Koza, David André, Martin A. Keane · 2004
Genetic programming was used to evolve both the topology and the sizing (numerical values) for each component of a low-distortion, lowbias 60 decibel (1000-to-1) amplifier circuit with good frequency generalization. The evolved circuit was composed of two types of transistors (active elements) as well as resistors and capacitors. 1. Introduction The problem of circuit synthesis involves designing an electrical circuit that satisfies user-specified design goals. A complete design of an electrical circuit includes both its topology and the sizing of all its components. The topology of a circuit consists of the number of components in the circuit, the type of each component, and a list of all the connections between the components. The sizing of a circuit consists of the component value(s) of each component. Evolvable hardware is one approach to automated circuit synthesis. Some of the early pioneering work in this field includes that of Higuchi, Niwa, Tanaka, Iba, de Garis, and Furuya...