LANGUAGE CHANGE WITH AGING IN PELHAM GRENVILLE WODEHOUSE AND GEORGE BERNARD SHAW
Paul E Cotter, Catherine Wilkinson, Michelle D. Canavan, Shaun T. O’Keeffe · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · 2011
of several factors.3 The spontaneous and natural evolution of sarcopenia can only be considered in relation to other concepts such as frailty and the development of functional problems.4 It is not a single disease with a linear process; several ''loops'' create a cascade, with a negative spiral eventually leading to disability, dependence, and death.Some clinically relevant endpoints, such as falls, fractures, functional outcome, and patient-reported outcome, could also be viewed as surrogates for one another.Thus, the definition of surrogate markers in this setting is complex; some of the proposed outcomes may be regarded as clinically relevant outcomes or as surrogate markers for other outcomes, physical performance being a good example.Consideration of some outcomes in this article seems to be weighted toward administrative rules and regulatory requirements of the FDA.We believe that research examining the important mechanisms involved in the development of sarcopenia (in our definition, muscle mass, strength, and function) as treatment outcomes may be a sensible first step that may open the door in the future for more-complex intervention strategies using other relevant outcomes.