Functional consequences of mutations in the thiazide-sensitive NaCI cotransporter identified in Gitelman's syndrome.
Jaap C. De Jong · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · 2004
The beginning of a speech is important for every speaker. This research consists of three parts: 1. What are speakers advised to do in the introduction of their speeches? This is a historic reconstruction of classical rhetorical recommendations from Aristotle to Quintilian and of Dutch twentieth century recommendations on introductions. 2. What do speakers do, or say they do, in the introduction of their speeches? Here the ideas are described of two groups of present-day speakers: Dutch engineers (M.Sc.s) and speech writers of Dutch members of government; the speech writers' actual introduction practice is analyzed as well. 3. What effect do introductions have on the audience? This part contains the account of various experiments. Advisors predict that specific introduction techniques have certain effects on listeners. The effects of a number of these much used techniques are examined. Finally, the solidity of the techniques used is explored and explanations for their efficacy are suggested. Is it advisable for speakers to pay special attention to the introduction of their speeches? Certainly, as Quintilian and his Greek and Roman colleagues stated two centuries ago. A speaker must seriously consider what he wants to achieve with his audience in the first few minutes of his speech and what means he should deploy. According to them, only in very special circumstances can a speaker start with a direct approach: starting out with the purpose of the speech or the mentioning of the key points. To the modern consultant writer the introduction is a fixed item in every speech. Some explicitly state that leaving an introduction out is a proof of someone's incompetence . Modern speeching professionals (Dutch engineers) do not worry about an introduction; it is not an essential part of their presentation. As opposed to speech writers who state that they never send their commissioners (professional speakers) off without an attention drawing introduction; some even regard the introduction as the most attractive part of a speech. From analysis it emerges that, besides using the attention drawer, they also deploy the two other classical introductory functions. Finally, experimental research also proves that it makes sense for speakers to take the introduction to their speeches seriously. Introduction techniques have an observable and distinguishing effect, especially straight after the introduction. A speaker's exordial choices prove to have consequences also at the end of his speech