FUNCTIONAL PEARL Derivation of a logarithmic time carry lookahead addition circuit
John T. O’Donnell, Gudula Rünger · Journal of Functional Programming · 2004
Using Haskell as a digital circuit description language, we transform a ripple carry adder that requires $O(n)$ time to add two $n$ -bit words into a parallel carry lookahead adder that requires $O(\log n)$ time. The ripple carry adder uses a scan function to calculate carry bits, but this scan cannot be parallelized directly since it is applied to a non-associative function. Several techniques are applied in order to introduce parallelism, including partial evaluation and symbolic function representation. The derivation given here constitutes a semi-formal correctness proof, and it also brings out explicitly each of the ideas underlying the algorithm.